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The Dial
''The Dial'' was an American magazine published intermittently from 1840 to 1929. In its first form, from 1840 to 1844, it served as the chief publication of the Transcendentalists. In the 1880s it was revived as a political magazine. From 1920 to 1929 it was an influential outlet for Modernist literature in English.
==Transcendentalist journal==
Members of the Hedge Club began talks for creating a vehicle for their essays and reviews in philosophy and religion in October 1839.〔Gura, Philip F. ''American Transcendentalism: A History''. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 128. ISBN 978-0-8090-3477-2〕 Other influential journals, including the ''North American Review'' and the ''Christian Examiner'' refused to accept their work for publication.〔Slater, Abby. ''In Search of Margaret Fuller''. New York: Delacorte Press, 1978: 51. ISBN 978-0-440-03944-0〕 Orestes Brownson proposed utilizing his recently established periodical ''Boston Quarterly Review'' but members of the club decided a new publication was a better solution.〔Von Mehren, Joan. ''Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller''. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994: 120. ISBN 978-1-55849-015-4〕 Frederick Henry Hedge, Theodore Parker, and Ralph Waldo Emerson were originally considered for the editor role.〔 On October 20, 1839, Margaret Fuller officially accepted the editorship, though she was unable to begin work on the publication until the first week of 1840.〔 George Ripley served as the managing editor.〔Slater, Abby. ''In Search of Margaret Fuller''. New York: Delacorte Press, 1978: 61–62. ISBN 978-0-440-03944-0〕 Its first issue was published in July 1840 with an introduction by Emerson calling it a "Journal in a new spirit".〔Gura, Philip F. ''American Transcendentalism: A History''. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 129. ISBN 978-0-8090-3477-2〕 In this first form, the magazine remained in publication until 1844. Emerson wrote to Fuller on August 4, 1840, of his ambitions for the magazine:
The title of the journal, which was suggested by Bronson Alcott, intended to evoke a sundial. The connotations of the image were expanded upon by Emerson in concluding his editorial introduction to the journal's first issue:
''The Dial'' was heavily criticized, even by Transcendentalists. Ripley said, "They had expected hoofs and horns while it proved as gentle as any sucking dove".〔Golemba, Henry L. ''George Ripley''. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1977: 59. ISBN 978-0-8057-7181-7〕 The journal was never financially stable. In 1843, Elizabeth Peabody, acting as business manager, noted that the journal's income was not covering the cost of printing and that subscriptions totaled just over two hundred.〔Gura, Philip F. ''American Transcendentalism: A History''. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 130. ISBN 978-0-8090-3477-2〕 It ceased publication in April 1844. Horace Greeley, in the May 25 issue of the ''New-York Weekly Tribune'', reported it as an end to the "most original and thoughtful periodical ever published in this country".〔
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